Geotechnical engineers play a critical role in identifying subsurface voids, which present significant challenges to the stability and performance of structures. These hidden cavities can stem from various causes, such as geological formations, degradation, or human actions. Utilizing a suite of investigative techniques, including geophysical surv

Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical stability. Accurately mapping these voids is crucial for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resistivity

Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of ph